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Configuring IP Utilities
2-2
304234-A Rev 00
The Bay Networks implementation of TCP generally ensures good terminal server
performance on slow-speed as well as high-speed LAN links. TCP services are
required to support upper-layer protocols, such as Telnet and FTP, which are part
of the TCP/IP suite.
TCP does not require reliability of the communication protocols below itself.
Therefore, TCP functions with lower-level protocols that are simple, potentially
unreliable datagram services. TCP uses IP for a lower-level protocol.
How TCP Works
TCP is connection-oriented. Therefore, before transferring data, you must first
establish a logical transport layer connection with a peer user. To establish this
connection, TCP uses what is sometimes called a “three-way handshake,” in
which the initiating TCP sends a Protocol Data Unit (PDU) with a synchronize
(SYN) bit set to 1 in its header. The responding TCP then sends back a PDU with
both the SYN bit and the Acknowledged (ACK) bit set, and possibly, some user
data. Time and, if necessary, retransmission are used to recover PDUs lost in this
process, allowing each side to indicate its starting sequence number. Because of
the possibility of lost or delayed PDUs, this three-way exchange ensures that
connections are established correctly.
Data transfer is straightforward, and follows the procedures for flow control and
acknowledgment. TCP performs all acknowledgment and assigns all credits in
terms of octets. A credit of eight (8), then, allows sending only 8 octets of data,
not 8 PDUs.
To release a connection, one TCP sends a PDU with the FIN flag set and a
sequence number one greater than that assigned to the last octet of the transmitted
data. Upon receipt of this PDU, the responding TCP sends back a PDU carrying
an ACK for the FIN’s sequence number and a FIN of its own (this ACK or FIN
may appear in the same PDU or in different PDUs). The TCP that sent the first
FIN must respond with an ACK for this new FIN. This rather complex procedure
allows a graceful close, ensuring that no data is lost during release of the
connection.
- Configuring IP Utilities 1
- Trademarks 2
- Restricted Rights Legend 2
- Statement of Conditions 2
- Contents 5
- 304234-A Rev 00 10
- Before You Begin 17
- Text Conventions 18
- Acronyms 20
- How to Get Help 21
- Chapter 1 23
- Starting IP Utilities 23
- Starting Configuration Tools 24
- Starting TCP Services 26
- Starting FTP Services 27
- Starting TFTP Services 29
- Starting Telnet Services 30
- Starting NTP Services 32
- Starting NetBIOS over IP 34
- Starting the DNS Client 35
- Starting the DNS Proxy Server 37
- Chapter 2 39
- Overview of IP Utilities 39
- How TCP Works 40
- TCP Features 41
- TCP and IP Service Users 44
- FTP Overview 45
- How FTP Works 46
- Networks routers 47
- TFTP Overview 48
- Telnet Overview 49
- Telnet Server 50
- Telnet Client 51
- Figure 2-4. Telnet Client 52
- NTP Overview 53
- NTP Modes of Operation 56
- NetBIOS Overview 58
- NetBIOS in an IP Environment 59
- DNS Overview 62
- DNS Proxy Server 62
- How the DNS Cache Works 64
- Chapter 3 65
- Customizing TCP Services 65
- Disabling and Reenabling TCP 66
- Chapter 4 73
- Customizing FTP Services 73
- Disabling and Reenabling FTP 74
- Chapter 5 83
- Customizing TFTP Services 83
- Chapter 6 91
- Pausing Telnet Console Output 99
- Using the BCC 100
- Using Site Manager 100
- Changing the Login Timeout 101
- Changing the Password Timeout 102
- Changing the Command Timeout 103
- Changing Login Retries 104
- Customizing Telnet Services 107
- Changing the History File 109
- Changing the Remote Port 112
- Changing the Command Prompt 113
- prompt system1 114
- Chapter 7 115
- Customizing NTP Services 115
- Disabling and Reenabling NTP 116
- Adding Remote Time Servers 119
- Setting Local Host Mode 122
- Specifying Peer Preference 124
- Chapter 8 131
- Customizing NetBIOS over IP 131
- Configuring a NetBIOS Cache 134
- 15-character entity 135
- Aging a Cache Entry 137
- Customizing a Cache Search 138
- Chapter 9 147
- Customizing the DNS Client 147
- Disabling the Recursion Bit 151
- Modifying the DNS Server List 153
- Deleting DNS from the Router 158
- Chapter 10 161
- Customizing the DNS Proxy 161
- Appendix A 163
- Site Manager Parameters 163
- TCP Global Parameters 164
- FTP Global Parameters 166
- TFTP Parameters 169
- NTP Parameters 178
- NetBIOS Global Parameters 182
- DNS Global Parameters 190
- DNS Server Record Parameters 194
- DNS Proxy Server Parameters 195
- IP Accounting Parameters 204
- Appendix B 207
- Site Manager Default Settings 207
- FTP Parameters 208
- Telnet Parameters 209
- NetBIOS over IP Parameters 211
- DNS Client Parameters 212
- DNS Server Parameters 213
- Appendix C 215
- Configuring IP Accounting on 215
- (continued) 217
- Appendix D 219
- Specifying the Policy Action 221
- Specifying the IP Service 222
- Specifying the Precedence 223
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