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Glossary 173

P0910464 Issue 01 Enterprise Edge Networking Operations Guide

PAP The Password Authentication Protocol (PAP) is a procedure used by

PPP servers to validate a connection request. PAP works as follows:

1.After the link is established, the requestor sends a password and an

id to the server.

2.The server either validates the request and sends back an

acknowledgement, terminates the connection, or offers the requestor

another chance.

Passwords are sent without security and the originator can make

repeated attempts to gain access. For these reasons, a server that

supports CHAP will offer to use that protocol before using PAP.

Packet A packet is the unit of data that is routed between an origin and a

destination on the Internet or any other packet-switched network.

When any file (e-mail message, HTML file, GIF file, URL request,

and so forth) is sent from one place to another on the Internet, the

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) layer of TCP/IP divides the file

into pieces of an efficient size for routing. Each of these packets is

separately numbered and includes the Internet address of the

destination. The individual packets for a given file may travel

different routes through the Internet. When the packets have all

arrived, they are reassembled into the original file (by the TCP layer

at the receiving end).

A packet-switching scheme is an efficient way to handle

transmissions on a connectionless network such as the Internet. An

alternative scheme, circuit-switching, is used for networks allocated

for voice connections. In circuit-switching, lines in the network are

shared among many users as with packet-switching, but each

connection requires the dedication of a particular path for the duration

of the connection.

Packet and datagram are similar in meaning. A protocol similar to

TCP, the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) uses the term datagram.

PBX A PBX (private branch exchange) is a telephone system within an

enterprise that switches calls between enterprise users on local lines

while allowing all users to share a certain number of external phone

lines. The main purpose of a PBX is to save the cost of requiring a line

for each user to the telephone company's central office.

The PBX is owned and operated by the enterprise rather than the

telephone company (which may be a supplier or service provider,

however).

PPP The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is a protocol for communication

between two computers using a serial interface, typically a personal

computer connected by phone line to a server. For example, your

Internet server provider may provide you with a PPP connection so

that the provider's server can respond to your requests, pass them on

to the Internet, and forward your requested Internet responses back to

you.

PPP is a full-duplex protocol that can be used on various physical

media, including twisted pair or fiber optic lines or satellite

transmission. It uses a variation of High Speed Data Link Control

(HDLC) for packet encapsulation.

PPP can process synchronous as well as asynchronous

communication. PPP can share a line with other users and it has error

detection.

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